Attractions & Sightseeing: Polonnaruwa

Iconic Landmarks

The entire Polonnaruwa Archaeological Site holds UNESCO World Heritage status, displaying the grandeur of Sri Lanka's second ancient capital from the 10th to 13th centuries AD.

Explore the Royal Palace Group, including the King Parakramabahu I's Royal Palace and the Audience Hall with its carved pillars. Visit the beautifully preserved Kumara Pokuna (Royal Bath), showing advanced hydraulic engineering.

The Quadrangle Highlights

Vatadage (Circular Relic House): A beautifully preserved circular structure, an architectural masterpiece with four Buddha statues.
Thuparama Image House: One of the best-preserved image houses, known for its thick walls and unique style, still holding a large seated Buddha.
Lata Mandapaya: A stone structure with a trellis-like design, likely a chanting platform.
Satmahal Prasada: A seven-storied, pyramid-like structure showing foreign influence, of uncertain purpose.

Site Exploration Tips

Visiting Logistics

Site hours: Generally 7:00 AM to 5:30 PM.
Entry fee for foreign visitors is about US$25 (or LKR equivalent).
Fee covers major sites and the Polonnaruwa Museum.
Official guides are available for hire at the museum or ticket office.
Tuk-tuk drivers also give informal guiding services. Clarify their rates upfront.
A guide provides historical context and points out details.

Best Experience Practices

Begin exploration early (7:00-8:00 AM) to avoid intense midday heat and crowds.
Rent a bicycle for flexible navigation of the sprawling site. The flat terrain makes cycling enjoyable.
Dress modestly. Shoulders and knees must remain covered. Remove shoes and hats in sacred areas.
Bring plenty of water for hydration in the tropical heat and humidity. Hydro Flask is practical.

Early morning or late afternoon (golden hour) are ideal for photography, with soft, warm light.

Northern Group

Rankoth Vehera: A large, impressive brick stupa, reminiscent of Anuradhapura's dagobas, the largest in Polonnaruwa.
Kiri Vehera: A remarkably well-preserved white-plastered stupa, its original lime plaster mostly intact.
Lankathilaka Vihara: An imposing, tall brick image house. Its massive standing Buddha statue inside inspires awe.
Gal Vihara (Rock Temple): The highlight, featuring four magnificent Buddha statues carved from a single granite slab.

Southern Group

Tivanka Image House:
Known for its rare surviving frescoes from the Polonnaruwa period. "Tivanka" refers to the thrice-bent posture of the standing Buddha it housed.
Lotus Pond:
A charming stone pond shaped like a multi-petalled lotus flower, showing intricate carving skills.
Exploration Time:
Allow ample time to wander through these less-visited, but equally significant, southern sites.
Accessibility:
These sites are accessible by bicycle or tuk-tuk, offering a quieter experience.
Photography:
Good for unique photo opportunities without large crowds.

Museums & Cultural Institutions

A visit to the Polonnaruwa Museum deepens your historical appreciation before you explore the ruins.

Polonnaruwa Museum

Collection Highlights:
Houses an excellent collection of artifacts found at the site, including statues, pottery, tools, and inscriptions.
Historical Context:
Gives valuable historical context and insight into the lives of the people who built and lived in Polonnaruwa.
Site Models:
Has clear models and explanations of the sites, enhancing your comprehension of what you witness.

Specialized Exhibits:
Polonnaruwa does not have specialized or niche museums; this museum serves as the main repository.
Art & Galleries:
Dedicated art galleries or exhibition spaces for contemporary art are not a feature here. Art is within the ancient ruins.
Cultural Performances:
Polonnaruwa has no formal cultural centers for tourists. Performances are by larger hotels or during local festivals.

Archaeological Sites

The entire Polonnaruwa Archaeological Site is a complex of historical significance, showing a well-preserved medieval urban center.

Historical Districts

The site itself functions as a historical district, displaying sophisticated ancient Sri Lankan architecture and urban planning.

Religious Sites

Numerous stupas, image houses, and Gal Vihara are central to Sri Lanka's Buddhist heritage, functioning as active places of worship.

Site Significance

The structures show sophisticated ancient Sri Lankan architectural techniques and artistry. Construction materials, mainly brick and stone, reflect era building practices. Observe the unique Polonnaruwa period style.

Visitors should show respect by dressing modestly, removing shoes and hats before entering sacred areas, and behaving quietly.
Many structures serve as monuments to the kings and the Buddhist faith, like the large stupas (Rankoth Vehera, Kiri Vehera).
Extensive irrigation systems, especially Parakrama Samudra, display ancient engineering prowess. Fortified walls reflect military considerations.

Natural Attractions

Beyond historical treasures, Polonnaruwa features natural beauty, especially around its man-made lake and nearby national parks.

The well-maintained grounds of the archaeological site give a park-like setting for leisurely walks and a natural backdrop to ancient structures.

Parakrama Samudra

This massive ancient man-made reservoir shows ancient engineering. It covers a vast area, irrigating paddy fields.

Scenic Views

Offers beautiful sunset views from its eastern shore. The calm waters reflecting the sky create a tranquil setting.

Wildlife Safaris

Minneriya or Kaudulla National Parks are nearby, famous for large herds of wild elephants.

Safari & Wildlife

The Gathering

From July to October, hundreds of elephants converge around the Minneriya tank. This phenomenon ranks as one of Asia's most spectacular wildlife events.

Book a Minneriya Safari

Other Wildlife

Beyond elephants, spot deer, sambar, crocodiles, and various bird species (peacocks, eagles). Leopards are present but rarely seen.

Explore Kaudulla Safaris

Jeep Safaris

Safaris happen in specialized jeeps with experienced drivers. Book through local operators or your accommodation.

Find local safari options

Best Viewing Times

Go early in the morning or late in the afternoon for the most favorable wildlife observations.

Cycling Opportunities

Cycle along the Parakrama Samudra embankment for tranquil views and local fishing observations.

Natural Wonders

Parakrama Samudra, built by King Parakramabahu I, is a marvel of ancient engineering. A leisurely stroll or bike ride along its embankment is a good option.

Reservoir Details

It covers a vast area, serving as a irrigation source for surrounding paddy fields.
Offers stunning sunset views, especially from its eastern shore.
The calm waters reflecting the sky present a picturesque setting for photography.

Local Flora & Fauna

The archaeological site's maintained grounds give a park-like setting. You might spot various tree species and local flora within these green spaces.

Site Environment

The green spaces offer pleasant areas for leisurely walks.
Birdwatching is possible in quieter areas around the reservoir or within the park.
Look for monitor lizards and other small reptiles.
Monkeys are a common sight, often curious and playful around the ruins.

Visiting Advice

Combine your historical exploration with nature experiences for a comprehensive visit.

Allocate separate time for safaris to fully immerse in the wildlife viewing.

Hidden Gems

While Polonnaruwa's main sites draw visitors, a bit of exploration can reveal quieter, equally fascinating spots and local experiences.

Off-the-Beaten-Path Ruins

Explore some smaller, less-visited structures within the archaeological park. Many smaller ruins dot the landscape away from the main tourist paths.

Discovery Opportunities

These sites offer a sense of discovery and fewer crowds.
Excellent photo opportunities without large groups.
Ask your guesthouse or local guide for recommendations on lesser-known spots.

Local Favorites

Venture into the rural villages surrounding Polonnaruwa. These areas give a glimpse into traditional Sri Lankan village life.

Village Immersion

See paddy cultivation, local farming practices, and everyday routines.
Cycle or walk along less-trafficked paths around Parakrama Samudra.
Find hidden viewpoints, local fishing activities, and birdwatching away from main tourist areas.

Emerging Destinations

The broader Cultural Triangle regularly yields new insights. Consider combining your visit with places like Ritigala.

Ritigala Monastery

A less-visited ancient Buddhist monastery complex.
Offers a tranquil and atmospheric experience.
A distinct choice from the grander sites.

This site is for those seeking historical and spiritual connections without crowds.

Unique Photo Opportunities

Beyond iconic shots, seek unique photo opportunities within the ruins and natural settings.

Creative Photography

Capture reflections of ruins in puddles after rain or mirrored in Parakrama Samudra waters.
Photograph monkeys or birds amidst ancient stones for a dynamic element.

Early morning and late afternoon light dramatically changes the ruins' appearance, ideal for atmospheric shots.

Capturing Local Life

Document candid moments of local life around Polonnaruwa New Town or the villages.

Ethical Photography

Always show respect for privacy and ask permission when photographing people.
Parakrama Samudra gives dramatic backdrops for sunrise and sunset photography.
Colors reflecting on the water at dawn or dusk create stunning visual effects.

These shots convey a story of the region beyond its ancient wonders.

Planning Your Itinerary

Time Allocation

Dedicate a full day, or even two, to thoroughly explore the archaeological park and nearby natural attractions.

Guided Tours

Consider a local guide, especially for the ancient city, to gain insights into the historical context.

Transportation

Bicycles or tuk-tuks are the best ways to get around the sprawling site and reach hidden gems.

Maximizing Your Visit

Combine visits to the main monuments with quieter, peripheral ruins. Explore local villages and scenic lake areas for a comprehensive view of Polonnaruwa's history and contemporary life.

Attractions & Sightseeing